How Pope Francis became the AI ethicist for world leaders and tech titans - The Washington Post

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BARI, Italy — Pope Francis is an octogenarian who says he cannot use a computer, but on a February afternoon in 2019, a top diplomat of American Big Tech entered the papal residence seeking guidance on the ethics of a gestating technology: artificial intelligence.

Microsoft President Brad Smith and the pope discussed the rapid development of the technology, Smith recounted in an interview with The Washington Post, and Francis appeared to grasp its risks. As Smith departed, the pope uttered a warning. “Keep your humanity,” he urged, as he held Smith’s wrist.

In the five years since that meeting, AI has become unavoidable — as the pope himself found out last year when viral images of him in a Balenciaga puffer jacket heralded a new era of deepfakes. And as the technology has proliferated, the Vatican has positioned itself as the conscience of companies like Microsoft and emerged as a surprisingly influential voice in the debate over AI’s global governance.

In southern Italy on Friday, Francis became the first pope to address a Group of Seven forum of world leaders, delivering a moral treatise on the “cognitive-industrial revolution” represented by AI, as he sought to elevate the topic in the same manner he did climate change.

In a sweeping speech, the pope sketched out the ramifications of a technology “as fascinating as it is terrifying,” saying it could change “the way we conceive of our identity as human beings.” He decried how AI could cement the dominance of Western culture and diminish human dignity.

AI, he said, stood as a tool that could democratize knowledge, “exponentially” advance science and alleviate the human condition as people give “arduous work to machines.” But he warned that it also has the power to destroy — and called for an “urgent” ban on lethal autonomous weapons. As a ghost of the future, he referenced the 1907 dystopian novel “Lord of the World,” in which technology replaces religion and faith in God.

“No machine should ever choose to take the life of a human being,” the pope said.

He has previously insisted that AI’s risks must be managed through a global treaty, and on Friday he endorsed the need for a set of uniting global “principles” to guide AI’s development.

“The Rome Call for AI Ethics” — a document that counted the Vatican, Microsoft and IBM among its original signatories in 2020 — is emerging as a gold standard of best AI practices. It has informed G-7 discussions about developing a code of conduct. And on Friday, the G-7 leaders — with the Vatican’s support — announced that they would create a badge of honor of sorts: a new label for companies that agree to safely and ethically develop AI tools and follow guidelines for the voluntary reporting and monitoring of risks. Echoing Vatican concerns, leaders additionally called for “responsible military uses of AI.”

The AI issue has provided an opening for the church, diminished by its handling of clerical sex abuse scandals, to reassert its moral authority. Microsoft and at least some other tech companies appear eager for the church’s seal of approval, as the industry grapples with the public-relations challenges of a technology that could automate jobs, amplify misinformation and create new cybersecurity risks.

The Vatican has earned a seat at the Big Tech table. An ancient institution with a mixed track record on science — see the trial of Galileo — is now dispatching representatives to major tech events.

The Rev. Paolo Benanti — the Vatican’s leading AI expert, a Franciscan priest and a trained engineer credited with coining the term “algorethics” — last year secured a spot on the United Nations’ Advisory Body on Artificial Intelligence and has become a major player in the crafting of a national AI policy for Italy, a G-7 nation. At the Vatican’s request, IBM hosted a global summit of colleges at the University of Notre Dame to bring AI ethics to the forefront of curriculums.

The Vatican’s views have influenced concrete business decisions. Microsoft’s Smith told The Post: “We developed our own technology that would allow anyone with just a few seconds of anyone’s voice to be able to replicate it. And we chose not to release that.” The Rome principles, he added, are “definitely part of what has helped us at Microsoft strive to take a broad-minded approach to the development of AI, including within our own four walls. I just think it’s provided a broad humanistic and intellectual frame.”

The pledge’s emphasis on inclusion also influenced the company’s decision to launch a fellowship that brings together researchers and civil society leaders largely from the Global South to evaluate the impact of the technology, said Natasha Crampton, Microsoft’s chief responsible AI officer. Fellows have helped the company develop multilingual evaluations of AI models and ensured that the company understands local context and cultural norms as it develops new products.

Not all companies are on board with the Rome principles. Some have forged ahead with AI-manipulated audio that researchers warn could be abused to dupe voters ahead of elections.

Not everyone has been allowed to join the Rome club, either. The Chinese company “Huawei asked,” said Archbishop Vincenzo Paglia, president of the Pontifical Academy for Life. “And we said no, because we don’t really know what the [people in charge there] think.”

In the meantime, the Vatican remains concerned about the misuse of open-source AI. The technology could produce major benefits in health care and education, Benanti said. “But it can also multiply a lot of bad elements in society, and we cannot spread AI everywhere without any political decision-making, because tomorrow we could wake up with a multiplier of inequality, of bioweapons,” he said.

Vatican officials have already sounded alarms over what they view as potentially unethical uses, including the facial recognition systems deployed in the 2019-2020 crackdown on protesters in Hong Kong, as well as algorithms for refugee processing such as those in Germany, where AI-fueled linguistic tests have been used to establish whether asylum seekers are lying about their place of origin.

The relationship between the Vatican and AI innovators had its genesis in a 2018 speech that Benanti delivered on AI ethics. A senior Microsoft representative in Italy had been in the audience, and the two began meeting regularly. They brought in Paglia, who was interested in broadening the remit of his academy beyond core issues such as the ethics of stem cell research.

Ahead of Smith’s visit with the pope, Paglia escorted him through Michelangelo’s “Last Judgement” in the Sistine Chapel, and showed him renderings by Galileo of the Earth revolving around the sun — the theory that landed him under house arrest for life after a church trial.

Yet the Vatican’s relationship with science hasn’t always been as a Luddite. In the Middle Ages, Catholic scholars seeded Europe with what would become some of its greatest universities. And although targeted by some individual clerics, Darwin’s theory of evolution was never officially challenged by the Vatican.

The church officially declares that “faith and reason” are not in conflict.

“The Bible doesn’t tell us how heaven works, but how to get there,” said Paglia, quoting Galileo. The archbishop has made official trips to Microsoft’s headquarters near Seattle and IBM offices in New York.

Through aggressive AI investments, Microsoft has become the world’s most valuable company, worth more than $3 trillion. But its continued success hinges on curbing negative perceptions of AI. Worries that the tech could displace jobs, exacerbate inequalities, supercharge surveillance and usher in new kinds of warfare are prompting governments around the world to consider stringent regulations that could blunt the company’s ambitions.

The European Union is readying a landmark law that could limit more-advanced generative AI models. The Federal Trade Commission is investigating a deal that Microsoft made with the AI start-up Inflection, probing whether the tech giant deliberately set up the investment to avoid a merger review. And U.S. enforcers reached a deal that will open the company to greater scrutiny of how it wields power to dominate artificial intelligence, including its multibillion-dollar investments in ChatGPT maker OpenAI. That relationship has also exposed Microsoft to new reputational risks, as OpenAI chief executive Sam Altman frequently invites controversy.

Under Smith’s leadership, Microsoft has built one of the most sophisticated global lobbying organizations to defuse its regulatory challenges and try to convince people that it is the tech titan the world can trust to build AI. Smith regularly meets with heads of state, including appearing last month alongside President Biden at a factory opening. To be an effective business, Microsoft has to find ways to work with governments and to ensure its technology can transcend them, Smith said.

The “world’s oldest global organization” can be a unique teacher and partner in that effort, he said, referring to the Vatican. Catholicism and other religions aren’t bound by national borders — much like the applications Microsoft is peddling globally.

“At one level, you might look at the two of us and think we’re odd bedfellows,” Smith said. “But on the other hand, it’s a perfect combination.”

Zakrzewski reported from Washington.

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